INDIAN SCIENCE, CHINESE SCIENCE

INDIAN SCIENCE
>Indian civilization is about the oldest still alive and achieved a high level of technology at an early stage.

Something to do with the Field:

• Agriculture- irrigation was developed in the Indus Valley Civilization by around 4500 B.C.
• Indian Astrology- Indian Astonomical text named Vedanga Jyotisa dates back around 1200 B.C. Detailed several astronomical attributes generally applied for timing social and religious events: regards to marriage; to career and; elecion processe.
• Zinc Metallurgy- refining metals
• Mathematics- the use of negative numbers.

List iof Indian Inventions

• Atomism- small invisible particle of matter.
• Chandrasekhar limit and numbers
• universe
• indigo- was used as a dye
• Firearms

CHINESE SCIENCE

>there has been more or less continous contact between Europe and China since classical greek times.

>silk road- an ancient trade routine linking China with Rome.

Important Persons

• Marco Polo- whose account of his travels and experiences offered European a firsthand view of Asian lands and Stimulated interests in Asian trade.
• Zu Chongzhi- mathematician who calculated "pi" to the 7th digit.
• Liu Ju-hsieh- mathematician who discovered "Pascal's Triangle"
• Tao Ch'ien- famous poet and philosopher who influenced the ideaof "elixir of life".

Four Great Inventions

1. magnetic compass
2. printing press
3. gun powder
4. paper making

Other Inventions

1. Astronomy- a) first planetarium which was made by an emperor b) stellar explosion that took place in the "crab Nebula" in 1054
2. Mathematics- a)asian abacus b)"pi" c) decimal system d) Pascal's Triangle
3. Military-a) crossbows b) poison gases c) bamboo-made cannons d) rockets
4. Medicine- a) Elixir of life b) acupuncture c) autopsy

PASCAL'S TRIANGLE

Pascal's triangle is a geometric arrangement of the binomial coefficients in a triangle. The rows of Pascal's triangle are conventional enumerated starting with rows, and the numbers in each row are usually staggered relative to the adjacent rows.

Given Instruction: On row 0, write only the number 1. Then, to construct the elements of the following rows, add the number directly above and to the left with the number directly above the and to the right to find the new value. If either the number to the right or left is not present, substitute a zero in its place. Example, the first number in htbe first row 0+1=1, whereas the numbers 1 and 3 in the third row are added to produce the number 4 in the fourth row.

URBAN REVOLUTION AND ISLAMIC SCIENCE

URBAN REVOLUTION

• a very important culture transition began
• generated new needs and resources and accompanied by a significant increase in a technological innovation.
• the beginning of the invention of the city.

Categories in the Urban Revolution

1. Craftsmen and Scientist- led to the search for other metallic ores to the development and encouragement of trade in order to secure specific metals
2. Copper and bronze
3. Sea transportation
4. Irrigation
5. Building
6. Dissimination of tecchnological Knowledge

ISLAMIC SCIENCE

• islamic culture is the most relevant to european science
• arabic culture and knowledge spread afar: portugal in west and to the frontier of china in the eastand over many digrees of latitude
• the most characteristics arabic scientific dev't. were in:

ALCHEMY- edieval chemical art,objective is to find the panacea

MATH- arabic numerals, persian mohammed ibn musa al khwarismi he develop the process of rectification

ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY- constant pre-occupation, Toledan- tables of proposition, the ptolemic was replaced by this concentric system.

MEDICINE- Rhazes made the 1st distinction between mesles and small fox, Avicenna persian philosopher and phisician the great arabic contribution to medicine is te introduction of new vegetable drugs.

ASTRONOMY, SCIENCE IN GREEK ROMAN CIVILIZATION, STONE AGE TECHNOLOGY

ASTRONOMY- it is the sudy of celestial body or objects, such as: stars, planets, comets, and galaxies and its phenomena. it is derived from the greek word 'astron'- stars, 'nomos'- law.

During the 20th century, astronrmy split into two major categories:

1. OBSEVATIONAL ASTRONOMY- focused in aquiring data from observation w/c then analized by the aids of basic priciples of physics.
2. THEORETICAL ASTRONOMY- oriented towards the development computer or analytical models to described astronomical object and phenomena.

Contributions of Early Civilization

• BABYLONIANS- beginning of mathematical and scientific astronomy, discovered the luar eclipse.
• GREEKS 3RD B.C.- ARISTARCUS, calculated the mass of the earth and measures the distance and size of the moon and star. HIPPARCHIUS, invented the 1st astronomical device such as 'astrolabe'. ANTIKETHERA Mechanism, an early analog computer designed to calculate the location of moon,earth, and sun.
• PERSIANS- AZOPHI, discovered the andromeda galaxy and described in his "book of fixed stas".
• EGYPTIANS- ALI IBN RIDWAN, 1st observed the super nova 100G, the brightest apparent magnitude stellar event recorded in the history.

Solar System Individuals

1. inner Planets
2. Asteroid Pelks
3. Outer Planets

• stellar astronomy, study of stars and its formation
• extra galactic astronomy, study of object outside the galaxy
• ga;metric astronomy, study of galaxies

Organizational and Distribution of Galaxies

1. Elliptical Galaxy, cross-sectonal
2. spiral galaxy, flat rotating galaxy
3. Irregular gakax, chaotic appearance

SCIENCE IN GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATION

-GREEK CIVILIZATION, emerged around 1100 B.C.

-EARL GREEKS have been fully developed basic elements of mathematics, astronomy, physics, and medicine.

Persons who give contributons to the development of Science

• Thales- matter was composed of convertible into water
• Hippocrates- father of medicine
• Aristotle- classification of plants and animals
• Phythagoras- phythagorean Theorem
• Archimedes- principles of lever and pulley
• Ptolemy- geocentric theory

-ROMAN CIVILIZATION, time of Julius ceasar. it is said that Roman are poor in Science but contributed alot in the field of infrastracture.

-ROMANS that contribution in the field of Science

• Pliny The Elder, only roman scientist that is celebrated
• Galen, wrote 150 books of medicine
• Cleopatra, roman queen who uses cosmetics

STONE AGE TECHNOLOGY

Earliest Communities

• live alost entirely in small nomadic communities
• surviving on his skills in hunting and fishing
• developed in tropical latitudes, especially in africa
• moved out thence into the subtroical regions and eventually into the landmass of eurasid

Neolitic revolution

• increased in popultion
• bigger communities
• beginnings of town life
• sometomes called as neolitic.

-Primitive man used wood, bone, fur, leaves, grasses

-Stone, material that gives its name and technological unity, became tools when they were shaped it.

-Flint, became a very popular stone for this prpose, although fine sandstones and certain volcanic rocks.

-Fire, most important contribution of pre historis to power technology.

1. Tools and Weapons: stone headed spear, harpoon, bow and arrow
2. Other Devices Invented: potter's wheel, wheel, drill and latthe
3. Food Production: Paleolithic- gathering, fishing and hunting. Neolithic- agriculture, animal husbandry
4. BuildingProduction: 1)impresive structures where created 2)primarily tombs 3)burial mouds and religious edifices 4)sun-dried bricks for domestic housing
5. Manufacturing: griding corn, baking clay, spinning and weavening textiles, dyeing, dosmetication, dugout and birch-bark.

IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING HISTORY OF SCIENCE

Studying the History and Philosophy of Science is essential, for it gives us backgrounds and attached informations about the science in early period, through this we can know the contributions of great philosophers that help us to understand the main purpose and aims of science. Even the discoveries, like inventions of scientists which are purposive that made the progress of early science untill to this generation successful.

CLASSIFICATION, DEFINITION, AXIOM&THEOREM

CLASSIFICATION- distinction, identification, organization of two or more items; it is the differentiation of 2 or more objects and that two or more objects are not ever exactly alike. -GOTTFRIED WILHELM von LEIBNIZ

Plato's Theories of Universals:

• Universalia in re(universals in the things)- everything is combination of form and matter.
• Universalia ante rem(universals before the thing)- the link between members of a class are all imitations of an archetype.
• Universalia post rem9universals after the thing)- nothing general, only particular.

Different Of Similarity:

• Genetic Similarity- having similar origins.
• Structural Similarity- similar constituent parts
• Functional Similarity- similar behavior
• Apparent Similarity- similar external features.

DEFINITION- statement of the essential properties of certain thing.


Kinds of Definition:

1. Lexical- a dictionary definition
2. Extentional- general term is just a collection of individual things
3. Intentional- sets of features
4. Contextual- offer schema for defining a sentence
5. Stipulative- specification of a meaning
6. Ostensive- pointing out the meaning
7. Operational- definition of quantity

AXIOM&THEOREM


Axiom- proposition that is not proved.
Theorem- a statement which has been established the validity.
Axiomatic System- set of axioms.


Characteristics of Axiomatic System

• Independent
• Complete
• Consistent
  

ANALYSIS, KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION, THOUGHT, LANGUAGE

ANALYSIS- from the Greek word 'analusis' which means to breakdown; it is the process of breaking down topic to gain better understanding.

Three Main Ways of Forming Analysis

• Explication- which was so called carnap who work largely in the construction of symbolic language. Taking part by part to understand well.
• Redefinition- replacing or simplifying term
• Illustration- taking its opposite view to a better comprehension.

KNOWLEDGE- defined as the expertise acqired by a preson through experince and education.

Other Sources of Knowledge

• customs and tradition
• sense perception
• intuition

Four Matters of Facts

• that somethig exist
• that something can be known
• that there is something which matter;
• that something include the foregoing statements.

PERCEPTION- is the process of attaining awareness or undrestandig of sensory information.

- receiving, collecting, taking possession, and apprehension with the mind.

THOUGHT- act of thinking, which one thinks, opinions or reflection.

Psychologists who shares their knowledge about Thought

• Titchener- used to report what came into his head when he was using certain ideas.
• Hume- used introspecting to discover what the self looked like.
• Ryle- used to asked the question about the concept.

LANGUAGE- it is an abstract system of wordmeaning and symbols of all aspects of culture. It includes speech written character, numerals and symbols, gestures and expressions of non-verbal communication.

Three Ingredients of Situation

• object
• sign
• interpreter