IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING HISTORY OF SCIENCE

Studying the History and Philosophy of Science is essential, for it gives us backgrounds and attached informations about the science in early period, through this we can know the contributions of great philosophers that help us to understand the main purpose and aims of science. Even the discoveries, like inventions of scientists which are purposive that made the progress of early science untill to this generation successful.

CLASSIFICATION, DEFINITION, AXIOM&THEOREM

CLASSIFICATION- distinction, identification, organization of two or more items; it is the differentiation of 2 or more objects and that two or more objects are not ever exactly alike. -GOTTFRIED WILHELM von LEIBNIZ

Plato's Theories of Universals:

• Universalia in re(universals in the things)- everything is combination of form and matter.
• Universalia ante rem(universals before the thing)- the link between members of a class are all imitations of an archetype.
• Universalia post rem9universals after the thing)- nothing general, only particular.

Different Of Similarity:

• Genetic Similarity- having similar origins.
• Structural Similarity- similar constituent parts
• Functional Similarity- similar behavior
• Apparent Similarity- similar external features.

DEFINITION- statement of the essential properties of certain thing.


Kinds of Definition:

1. Lexical- a dictionary definition
2. Extentional- general term is just a collection of individual things
3. Intentional- sets of features
4. Contextual- offer schema for defining a sentence
5. Stipulative- specification of a meaning
6. Ostensive- pointing out the meaning
7. Operational- definition of quantity

AXIOM&THEOREM


Axiom- proposition that is not proved.
Theorem- a statement which has been established the validity.
Axiomatic System- set of axioms.


Characteristics of Axiomatic System

• Independent
• Complete
• Consistent
  

ANALYSIS, KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION, THOUGHT, LANGUAGE

ANALYSIS- from the Greek word 'analusis' which means to breakdown; it is the process of breaking down topic to gain better understanding.

Three Main Ways of Forming Analysis

• Explication- which was so called carnap who work largely in the construction of symbolic language. Taking part by part to understand well.
• Redefinition- replacing or simplifying term
• Illustration- taking its opposite view to a better comprehension.

KNOWLEDGE- defined as the expertise acqired by a preson through experince and education.

Other Sources of Knowledge

• customs and tradition
• sense perception
• intuition

Four Matters of Facts

• that somethig exist
• that something can be known
• that there is something which matter;
• that something include the foregoing statements.

PERCEPTION- is the process of attaining awareness or undrestandig of sensory information.

- receiving, collecting, taking possession, and apprehension with the mind.

THOUGHT- act of thinking, which one thinks, opinions or reflection.

Psychologists who shares their knowledge about Thought

• Titchener- used to report what came into his head when he was using certain ideas.
• Hume- used introspecting to discover what the self looked like.
• Ryle- used to asked the question about the concept.

LANGUAGE- it is an abstract system of wordmeaning and symbols of all aspects of culture. It includes speech written character, numerals and symbols, gestures and expressions of non-verbal communication.

Three Ingredients of Situation

• object
• sign
• interpreter

HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy- a science of theory of knowledge.
- a formulation of ideas base from science and it undergoes scientific method.

• Philosophy is a thinking which aims is a maximum connected to the truth about all available experiences. -ARISTOTLE
• Philosophy is a science of being in their ultimate reasons,causes and principles acquired by the aid of numerous reason alone. -BRITTLE
• Philosopy is a personal attitude toward life, and is a method of thinking and reasons in inquiring. -SWITH&TILER

Science and Philosophy differs in:

1. approach
2. scope
3. nature

Function of Philosophy

1. To carefully examine and criticize the premises and onclusions of all sciences.
2. To synthesized findings.
3. To harmonized and bring this in other sciences together to complement and/or support one another.

Two Major Categories of Philosophy

Theoretical Philosophy- directs itself o knowing things as they are without thinking of its application. Is ultimate aim is "knowledge of truth".

• metaphysics- study of reality,nature,existence of beauty
• ontology- study of structure,order and status
• cosmology- study of universe
• theodicy- God and Evil (theo-God, dice-evil)
• psychology- study of human behavor
• epistemology- study of nature of knowledge

Practical Philosophy- directs its concern to things which are material or perceptible and useful. Its goal is not just finding the truth but acting on it.

• semantics- study of words
• logic- study of reasoning/argumentation
• ethics- study of morality
• axiology- study of goodness/values
• aesthetics- study of the nature of beauty