CONCEPT OF SCIENCE

EARLY CIVILIZATION

• Merit Ptah- earliest woman named in the history of science
• Aglaonike- predicted the eclipse
• Mery the Jewess- invented several chemical instrument
• Alexandria- wrote text on geometry

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• Margaret Cavendsh- aristocratic woman
• Mana Winklemann- discovery of comet

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Emilie Au Chatelet- translated Newton's principle
• Caroline Herchel- discovered 8 comets
• Ellen Richards- called "te christening of New Science"

NINETEENTH CENTURY

• Mary Firefox Somrville- experiment in magnetism
• Lady Lovalace- credited of writing in computer program.

PROGRESS IN GEOLOGY IN 20TH CENTURY

Alfred Wegener- theory of continental drift
Roert S. Dietz and Harry S. Hess- proposed the hypothesis of seafloor spreading
S.K. Runcorn- suggested the concept of paleomagnet
Gene Shoemaker- took the study of the moon awy from lunar

EARTH COMPOSED OF:

• Crust
• Mantle
• Core

PROGRESS IN MEDICINE IN 21ST CENTURY

Medicine- diagnosing, treating or preventing disease and damage to body

LIST OF MEDICAL ADVANCES:

1. HPV vaccine
2. Robot doing Surgeries
3. Face transplant Surgeries
4. MRI and rTMS
5. New drugs for treating Cancer
6. Stem Cell Research
7. I.T. amonf Doctors and Patients
8. Human Genome Dicoveries
9. Radio active Isotopes

EXAMPLES OF MEDICAL ISOTOPES APPLICATION:

• branchy theraphy for breast cancer
• microsphere for liver cancer
• single photon emission for alzheimer's disease

PROGRESS IN BIOLOGY IN 20TH CENTURY

1900-1910-power of experimentation was demonstrated
1928- antibacterial agent was discovered
Gregor Mendel- proposed the Law of heredity
X-ray crystallography- method of determining the arrangement of an atom within the crystal

DISCOVERIES:

>Structure and Function of DNA

>Structure and Function of Protein

example:

• insulin
• hemoglobin
• antibodies

>Discovery of the Essential Nutrients

1. carbohydrates
2. protein
3. fat (fat soluble vit. and water solube vit.)
4. vitamins
5. minerals
6. water

PROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY

Chemistry- science of the nature of matter and its transformation it is also the science of matter that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and the transformation that they undergo.

BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY:

1. Organic Chem.
2. Inorganic chemistry
3. biochemical
4. electrochemistry
5. geochemistry
6. anaytical chemistry

DISCOVERIES:

• fire- chemical reaction which first used in chemistry manner.
• metallurgy- methods of purifying metals, (gols, alloy, and alchemy)
• atomism
• periodic table
• scientific method

PROGRESS IN ASTRONOMY

The 20th century has been a remarkable perid astronomers with no signs that they have stopped fascinating new discoveries .

ASTRONOMERS

1. Henry noriss Russel- thought that all stars are going trough life cycle of birth.
2. Harlow Shapley-used variable stars as a yardsticks
3. Edwin Powell Huble- showed the same nebulars faint cloudy spot
4. Hans Bethe- proposed the existence of series of nuclear reaction

Radio astronomy- new field of science

radio signals- received from distant stars

radio waves- type of electromagnetic reaction

spectroscope- revealed the nature of gasses existing in the sun.

UNIVERSAL ADVANCE I SCIENCE IN THE 20TH CENTURY

In 20th century, technology developed rapidly, communication technology, broad teaching and implementaion if scientific method and increase research spending all contributed to the advancement of modern science and technology.

CONTRIBUTORS:

Pierre Duhem

• hydrodynamics
• thermodynamics

Rudolf Carnap

• logic
• analysis
• theory of probability

Karl Popper

• Falsifiability- logical possibility tha assertion could be show false.
• scientific method

Thomas Kuhn

• paradigm shifs

Werner Heisenberg

• quantum mechanics

20TH CENTURU TIMELINE

1900

• zeppeline by homas Suillan
• neon light by George claude
• E=mc2 by Einstein
• radio

1910

• crossword puzzle by Wyne
• pop-up toaster by strite
• gas mask by Morgan

1920

• robot
• penicilin by Fleming

1930

• stop-action Photography
• frozen foo
• electron Microscope

1940

• jep
• microwave

1950

• video tape recorder
• television

1960

• audio casset
• spacewar

1970

• floppy disk
• microrocessor

1980

• mobile phone by Dr. Martin Looper
• computer byCharles Babage
• windows
• disposble camera

1990

• world wide web by Time Lee
• java

WHY SCIENCE BOOMED DURING RENAISSANCE PERIOD?

Before the Renassance Period is the Science in Latin West During Medieval Age wherein the black death occured that led to the progression of science being limited and barred, but the Science During Renaissance simply described as the rebirth was came, and it led to the mass production of inventions and discoveries in science because people in this period became free from black death which was one of deadliest pandemic disease in human caused by bacterium and they were able to thought things that may contribute to science and these were happened so that we can proposed that Renaissance Period was the period of progress in science.

SCIENCE IN LATIN WEST DURING MEDIEVAL AGE

EUROPEAN COUNTRY

Early Medieval Age

• migration or barbarian invasion
• deurbanization
• study of nature was pursued more, for practical reason than abstract inquiry
• Educational Reform - 7 Liberal Arts: rhetoric, grammar, dialectic, arithmetic, geometric, music, astronomy

High Medieval Age

• birth of medieval universities
• rediscovery of the works of Aristotle
• Latin translation of the main works of ancient philosophers and thinkers
• Grosseteste (Oxford Franciscan School), Aristotle's dual path of reasoning from particular observation to universal law.
• Bacon- observation, hypothesis, experimental and verification

Late Medieval Age

• William Of Occam (Principle Of Parsimony)
• Jean Buridan (most brilliant art master of MA), theory of Impetus
• Thomas Bradwardine- distingished dynamics to kinematics, instantaneous velocity, mean speed theorem.
• Nicole Oresme- published the heliocentric theory, optics
• Black death(mid 14th century)
• Catholic Church disintegration (Papacy)

THE NAME MILKY WAY

Where does the name "MILKY WAY" came from? I had research the two reasons first, "The Milky Way" is a translation of the Latin Via Lactea, which in turn is derived from Greek (Galaxias) sometimes referred to simply as "the Galaxy", the second reason is "The Ganga of the sky", is the ancient Hindu name for the galaxy as viewed from the Earth, this was called " Akash Ganga ", it is the Hindi name for Milky way.

On the other hand there is said that the Ancient Greek astronomers thought that the Milky Way looked like a river of milk running through the sky, and that's where both "Milky Way" and "Galaxy" come from. Galaxy comes from the Greek word for milk.

In Greek Story the goddesses Athena and Hera (goddesses of wisdom and married life) were out for a walk and came across what seemed to be an abandoned infant. Actually, it was the just-born Herakles [Hercules in Latin], whose mother Hera hated. Athena had planted the child there."Oh, the poor thing!" said Athena. "Come, Hera, give it your breast!" For Hera, being the Great Mother, was constantly in milk even though she herself was seldom pregnant. Anyway, she did so, and Herakles sucked her nipple so powerfully that she yelped with pain and pulled him away. When she did so a spurt of her milk flew into the sky and that's what caused the Milky Way.

MAJOR IMPACT

Francis Bacon who proposed the scientific method is the one that I think made a major impact to science and technology. It is simply because scientific method is accurate when applying to scientific problem and other problem that requires definite answer its accuracy was been proven in early science up to this modern science by numerous discoveries and inventionsthat were very helful and useful. We cannot deny its purposiveness and the truth that through this scientist and his discovered scientific method, Science became productive and proved systematic findings.

SCIENCE IN THE 19TH CENTURY

19th century- appears as a golden age.

Science expanded successfully into new fields of inquiry, combination of math and experiment in physics, application of theory to experiment in chemistry and controlled experimentation in biology.

BREAKTHROUGH IN:

• iron and steel technology
• electricity
• weapons
• physics and chemistry
• sociology, psychology and biology

Dalton- English schoolmaster. he proposed that atoms were the smallest indistructible parts of matter.

Mendelev- he began to developed the table of elements which helped in the discovery of new elements.

RADIUM

• Pierre and Marie Curie announced the discovery of the element radium
• radium is easily separated
• existence of the second element, demonstrated by its radioactive properties.

PSYCHOLOGY

• Sigmund Freud looked for explanation for individual human behavior beyond the National level

BIOLOGY

• Charles Darwin developed the Hitory of Evolution

DIFFERENCES IN STYLE OF RESEARCH

Progress in PHYSICS

1. Hans Christian Oersted- electic current produces a magnetic field
2. Michael Faraday- reverse effect
3. Joseph Henry- built the 1st powerful electromagnets and invented the electric motor
4. James Prescott Joule- 1st law of thermodynamics
5. Wilhelm Roentgen- x-ray
6. Marie Curie- gave the name radioactive, she and her husband Pierre Curi went on to discover polonium and radium

Progress in CHEMISTRY

1. Friedrich Wohler- prepared urea in a test tube from inorganic starting materials
2. Baron Justus Von liebig- chemical fertilizers
3. Dmitri Mendeleev- systematic and periodic arrangement

Progress in ASTRONOMY

1. Sir William Herchel- uranus did notb t precisely mve in its expected orbit
2. Urban J.J. Everrier- neptune

Progress in BIOLOGY

1. Karl Ernst Von Baer- embryology
2. Charles Darwin- Origin of Speies
3. Gregor Mendel- Pattern of inheritance of characteristic from one generation of sweet peas to other.

Progress in MEDICINE

1. William Morton- anesthetics
2. Louis Pasteur- methods of immunizing people
3. Joseph Lister- antiseptic surgery
4. Walter Reed- yellow fever is caused by a virus carried by a mosquito.

SCIENCE DURING RENAISSANCE PERIOD

ESTABLISHMENTS OF ACADEMIES

1. Academia dei Lincei in Rome (1603-1630)
2. Academia del Cimiento in Florante (1657-1667)

BOOKS AND JOURNALS

1. Journal Des Savants of Paris (1665)
2. Aeta Eruditorium of Leipzig (1682)

GREAT TREATISES

1. Principia Mathematica of Sir Isaac Newton (1687)
2. Trait de La Lumieres of Christian Huygens (1690)

REMARKABLE SCIENTIST

• Johan Gutenburg- printing press
• German Cardinal Nickolas of Cusa- exponent of the value of experiment
• Niccolas Copernicus- heliocentric theory
• Leonardo Da Vinci- greatest Artist of his time
• Andres Vesalius- founder of Modern Human Anatomy

NEW STATUS OF GREEK SCIENCE

• Simon Stevinus- decimal fraction
• Johannes kypler- theorized about the movement of planet
• Rene Descartes- inventor of graph who delivered the existence of GOD
• Paracelsus- alchemist
• Francis Bacon- improvised scientific method
• Isaac newton- discovered the gravity

INDIAN SCIENCE, CHINESE SCIENCE

INDIAN SCIENCE
>Indian civilization is about the oldest still alive and achieved a high level of technology at an early stage.

Something to do with the Field:

• Agriculture- irrigation was developed in the Indus Valley Civilization by around 4500 B.C.
• Indian Astrology- Indian Astonomical text named Vedanga Jyotisa dates back around 1200 B.C. Detailed several astronomical attributes generally applied for timing social and religious events: regards to marriage; to career and; elecion processe.
• Zinc Metallurgy- refining metals
• Mathematics- the use of negative numbers.

List iof Indian Inventions

• Atomism- small invisible particle of matter.
• Chandrasekhar limit and numbers
• universe
• indigo- was used as a dye
• Firearms

CHINESE SCIENCE

>there has been more or less continous contact between Europe and China since classical greek times.

>silk road- an ancient trade routine linking China with Rome.

Important Persons

• Marco Polo- whose account of his travels and experiences offered European a firsthand view of Asian lands and Stimulated interests in Asian trade.
• Zu Chongzhi- mathematician who calculated "pi" to the 7th digit.
• Liu Ju-hsieh- mathematician who discovered "Pascal's Triangle"
• Tao Ch'ien- famous poet and philosopher who influenced the ideaof "elixir of life".

Four Great Inventions

1. magnetic compass
2. printing press
3. gun powder
4. paper making

Other Inventions

1. Astronomy- a) first planetarium which was made by an emperor b) stellar explosion that took place in the "crab Nebula" in 1054
2. Mathematics- a)asian abacus b)"pi" c) decimal system d) Pascal's Triangle
3. Military-a) crossbows b) poison gases c) bamboo-made cannons d) rockets
4. Medicine- a) Elixir of life b) acupuncture c) autopsy

PASCAL'S TRIANGLE

Pascal's triangle is a geometric arrangement of the binomial coefficients in a triangle. The rows of Pascal's triangle are conventional enumerated starting with rows, and the numbers in each row are usually staggered relative to the adjacent rows.

Given Instruction: On row 0, write only the number 1. Then, to construct the elements of the following rows, add the number directly above and to the left with the number directly above the and to the right to find the new value. If either the number to the right or left is not present, substitute a zero in its place. Example, the first number in htbe first row 0+1=1, whereas the numbers 1 and 3 in the third row are added to produce the number 4 in the fourth row.

URBAN REVOLUTION AND ISLAMIC SCIENCE

URBAN REVOLUTION

• a very important culture transition began
• generated new needs and resources and accompanied by a significant increase in a technological innovation.
• the beginning of the invention of the city.

Categories in the Urban Revolution

1. Craftsmen and Scientist- led to the search for other metallic ores to the development and encouragement of trade in order to secure specific metals
2. Copper and bronze
3. Sea transportation
4. Irrigation
5. Building
6. Dissimination of tecchnological Knowledge

ISLAMIC SCIENCE

• islamic culture is the most relevant to european science
• arabic culture and knowledge spread afar: portugal in west and to the frontier of china in the eastand over many digrees of latitude
• the most characteristics arabic scientific dev't. were in:

ALCHEMY- edieval chemical art,objective is to find the panacea

MATH- arabic numerals, persian mohammed ibn musa al khwarismi he develop the process of rectification

ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY- constant pre-occupation, Toledan- tables of proposition, the ptolemic was replaced by this concentric system.

MEDICINE- Rhazes made the 1st distinction between mesles and small fox, Avicenna persian philosopher and phisician the great arabic contribution to medicine is te introduction of new vegetable drugs.

ASTRONOMY, SCIENCE IN GREEK ROMAN CIVILIZATION, STONE AGE TECHNOLOGY

ASTRONOMY- it is the sudy of celestial body or objects, such as: stars, planets, comets, and galaxies and its phenomena. it is derived from the greek word 'astron'- stars, 'nomos'- law.

During the 20th century, astronrmy split into two major categories:

1. OBSEVATIONAL ASTRONOMY- focused in aquiring data from observation w/c then analized by the aids of basic priciples of physics.
2. THEORETICAL ASTRONOMY- oriented towards the development computer or analytical models to described astronomical object and phenomena.

Contributions of Early Civilization

• BABYLONIANS- beginning of mathematical and scientific astronomy, discovered the luar eclipse.
• GREEKS 3RD B.C.- ARISTARCUS, calculated the mass of the earth and measures the distance and size of the moon and star. HIPPARCHIUS, invented the 1st astronomical device such as 'astrolabe'. ANTIKETHERA Mechanism, an early analog computer designed to calculate the location of moon,earth, and sun.
• PERSIANS- AZOPHI, discovered the andromeda galaxy and described in his "book of fixed stas".
• EGYPTIANS- ALI IBN RIDWAN, 1st observed the super nova 100G, the brightest apparent magnitude stellar event recorded in the history.

Solar System Individuals

1. inner Planets
2. Asteroid Pelks
3. Outer Planets

• stellar astronomy, study of stars and its formation
• extra galactic astronomy, study of object outside the galaxy
• ga;metric astronomy, study of galaxies

Organizational and Distribution of Galaxies

1. Elliptical Galaxy, cross-sectonal
2. spiral galaxy, flat rotating galaxy
3. Irregular gakax, chaotic appearance

SCIENCE IN GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATION

-GREEK CIVILIZATION, emerged around 1100 B.C.

-EARL GREEKS have been fully developed basic elements of mathematics, astronomy, physics, and medicine.

Persons who give contributons to the development of Science

• Thales- matter was composed of convertible into water
• Hippocrates- father of medicine
• Aristotle- classification of plants and animals
• Phythagoras- phythagorean Theorem
• Archimedes- principles of lever and pulley
• Ptolemy- geocentric theory

-ROMAN CIVILIZATION, time of Julius ceasar. it is said that Roman are poor in Science but contributed alot in the field of infrastracture.

-ROMANS that contribution in the field of Science

• Pliny The Elder, only roman scientist that is celebrated
• Galen, wrote 150 books of medicine
• Cleopatra, roman queen who uses cosmetics

STONE AGE TECHNOLOGY

Earliest Communities

• live alost entirely in small nomadic communities
• surviving on his skills in hunting and fishing
• developed in tropical latitudes, especially in africa
• moved out thence into the subtroical regions and eventually into the landmass of eurasid

Neolitic revolution

• increased in popultion
• bigger communities
• beginnings of town life
• sometomes called as neolitic.

-Primitive man used wood, bone, fur, leaves, grasses

-Stone, material that gives its name and technological unity, became tools when they were shaped it.

-Flint, became a very popular stone for this prpose, although fine sandstones and certain volcanic rocks.

-Fire, most important contribution of pre historis to power technology.

1. Tools and Weapons: stone headed spear, harpoon, bow and arrow
2. Other Devices Invented: potter's wheel, wheel, drill and latthe
3. Food Production: Paleolithic- gathering, fishing and hunting. Neolithic- agriculture, animal husbandry
4. BuildingProduction: 1)impresive structures where created 2)primarily tombs 3)burial mouds and religious edifices 4)sun-dried bricks for domestic housing
5. Manufacturing: griding corn, baking clay, spinning and weavening textiles, dyeing, dosmetication, dugout and birch-bark.

IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING HISTORY OF SCIENCE

Studying the History and Philosophy of Science is essential, for it gives us backgrounds and attached informations about the science in early period, through this we can know the contributions of great philosophers that help us to understand the main purpose and aims of science. Even the discoveries, like inventions of scientists which are purposive that made the progress of early science untill to this generation successful.

CLASSIFICATION, DEFINITION, AXIOM&THEOREM

CLASSIFICATION- distinction, identification, organization of two or more items; it is the differentiation of 2 or more objects and that two or more objects are not ever exactly alike. -GOTTFRIED WILHELM von LEIBNIZ

Plato's Theories of Universals:

• Universalia in re(universals in the things)- everything is combination of form and matter.
• Universalia ante rem(universals before the thing)- the link between members of a class are all imitations of an archetype.
• Universalia post rem9universals after the thing)- nothing general, only particular.

Different Of Similarity:

• Genetic Similarity- having similar origins.
• Structural Similarity- similar constituent parts
• Functional Similarity- similar behavior
• Apparent Similarity- similar external features.

DEFINITION- statement of the essential properties of certain thing.


Kinds of Definition:

1. Lexical- a dictionary definition
2. Extentional- general term is just a collection of individual things
3. Intentional- sets of features
4. Contextual- offer schema for defining a sentence
5. Stipulative- specification of a meaning
6. Ostensive- pointing out the meaning
7. Operational- definition of quantity

AXIOM&THEOREM


Axiom- proposition that is not proved.
Theorem- a statement which has been established the validity.
Axiomatic System- set of axioms.


Characteristics of Axiomatic System

• Independent
• Complete
• Consistent
  

ANALYSIS, KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION, THOUGHT, LANGUAGE

ANALYSIS- from the Greek word 'analusis' which means to breakdown; it is the process of breaking down topic to gain better understanding.

Three Main Ways of Forming Analysis

• Explication- which was so called carnap who work largely in the construction of symbolic language. Taking part by part to understand well.
• Redefinition- replacing or simplifying term
• Illustration- taking its opposite view to a better comprehension.

KNOWLEDGE- defined as the expertise acqired by a preson through experince and education.

Other Sources of Knowledge

• customs and tradition
• sense perception
• intuition

Four Matters of Facts

• that somethig exist
• that something can be known
• that there is something which matter;
• that something include the foregoing statements.

PERCEPTION- is the process of attaining awareness or undrestandig of sensory information.

- receiving, collecting, taking possession, and apprehension with the mind.

THOUGHT- act of thinking, which one thinks, opinions or reflection.

Psychologists who shares their knowledge about Thought

• Titchener- used to report what came into his head when he was using certain ideas.
• Hume- used introspecting to discover what the self looked like.
• Ryle- used to asked the question about the concept.

LANGUAGE- it is an abstract system of wordmeaning and symbols of all aspects of culture. It includes speech written character, numerals and symbols, gestures and expressions of non-verbal communication.

Three Ingredients of Situation

• object
• sign
• interpreter

HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy- a science of theory of knowledge.
- a formulation of ideas base from science and it undergoes scientific method.

• Philosophy is a thinking which aims is a maximum connected to the truth about all available experiences. -ARISTOTLE
• Philosophy is a science of being in their ultimate reasons,causes and principles acquired by the aid of numerous reason alone. -BRITTLE
• Philosopy is a personal attitude toward life, and is a method of thinking and reasons in inquiring. -SWITH&TILER

Science and Philosophy differs in:

1. approach
2. scope
3. nature

Function of Philosophy

1. To carefully examine and criticize the premises and onclusions of all sciences.
2. To synthesized findings.
3. To harmonized and bring this in other sciences together to complement and/or support one another.

Two Major Categories of Philosophy

Theoretical Philosophy- directs itself o knowing things as they are without thinking of its application. Is ultimate aim is "knowledge of truth".

• metaphysics- study of reality,nature,existence of beauty
• ontology- study of structure,order and status
• cosmology- study of universe
• theodicy- God and Evil (theo-God, dice-evil)
• psychology- study of human behavor
• epistemology- study of nature of knowledge

Practical Philosophy- directs its concern to things which are material or perceptible and useful. Its goal is not just finding the truth but acting on it.

• semantics- study of words
• logic- study of reasoning/argumentation
• ethics- study of morality
• axiology- study of goodness/values
• aesthetics- study of the nature of beauty